Research & Doctrine
They spend from the pool — they never raise income.
No research tech and no doctrine changes a production rate. Research pays from the same pool as everything else, and its slots come from the Research Laboratory you build (2 / 3 / 5 by level — see Researching Something). Researching a missile unlocks its build recipe; the missiles themselves are produced and paid for like any other item (see Stockpiles & Production). Applying a doctrine loads missiles out of a city's stock, so it draws down supplies but costs no resources by itself.